Rabu, 22 September 2010
Senin, 20 September 2010
The Impact of Government Spending on the Human Development Index in Indonesia
Marwanto Harjowiryono1, Roberto Akyuwen2
Executive Director, Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines1
Senior Lecturer, Finance Education and Training Center Yogyakarta,
Ministry of Finance Republic Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia2
Abstract
Government spending has played a vital role in supporting human development in many countries. However, various challenges and constraints have caused government spending at national and local level was ineffective in increasing the degree of education, health, and economic welfare of the people. This paper is aimed to analyze the impact of government spending on the human development indicators in Indonesia. The main tool of analysis was included statistic descriptive, elasticity, and panel data regression. Besides, the political economy process in the government budget formulation was also analyzed. It was found that the government budget policy in Indonesia has been improved since the implementation of unified budget, performance based budget, and medium term expenditure framework. Furthermore, more budgets have been transferred to local governments. The data shows that both national and local governments spending were always increased in the period of 2004-2007. A similar situation was also found in the progress of Human Development Index (HDI) and its components, i.e. the average school participation, life expectancy, and per capita purchasing power parity. However, there were variations between provinces in the effectiveness of government spending on the HDI progress. Several provinces were capable in spending their budget effectively, while significant improvements were needed for the others. Different impacts were also found in eastern and western parts of Indonesia. Meanwhile, panel data regression has proved that the government spendings have had significant and positive impact on the improvement of HDI and its components. But, the HDI components were found inelastic to both government spending and per capita income. Various policy and technical efforts are valuably needed to improve budget formulation and implementation.
Keywords: budget policy, government spending, human development index.
The Progress of Sustainable Development in Indonesia: A Comparison of Social Economic Indicators between Regions
Roberto Akyuwen
Finance Education and Training Center Yogyakarta,
Ministry of Finance Republic Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Abstract
Global awareness and concept on the environmental friendly development has been emerged since early 1970s. However, the progresses on its implementation were varied across countries. In Indonesia, sustainable development indicators have been studied and published by the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) since 2002. Based on the recommendation of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, those indicators were classified into two groups, i.e. environment indicators and social economic indicators. This paper is aimed to compare the progress of social economic indicators among provinces in Indonesia by using descriptive approach. Observed indicators were including population, gross domestic product, unemployment, poverty, energy consumption, transportation, and agriculture. In addition, regional fiscal capacity and human development index among provinces were also analyzed. Although the fund transfer from central to local governments has increased significantly since the implementation of local autonomy and fiscal decentralization in 2001, however, in general, the improvement of social economic indicators were varied between provinces. Several provinces with high fiscal capacity were not able to improve its social economic indicators significantly. On the contrary, the other provinces with low fiscal capacity have achieved better social economic indicators. This phenomenon has proved the importance of having appropriate capability in managing local economic development.
Keywords: regional fiscal capacity, social economic indicators, sustainable development.
The Role of Rural Bank in Poverty Alleviation in West Java
Roberto Akyuwen
Senior Lecturer, Finance Education and Training Center Yogyakarta
Ministry of Finance Republic Indonesia
I Dewa Gde Suthapa
President Director, PT. Mitraperkasa Abadi (Microfinance Consulting)
Jakarta, Indonesia
Abstract
Poverty incidence is a multi dimension phenomenon found in many developing and less developed countries include Indonesia. One of the main causes of poverty is a limited access of poor people to the financial capital. Many researchers have proved empirically that the development of microfinance institutions will have positive impacts on the poverty alleviation. A microfinance institution will provide working capital for poor people to start or develop micro and small businesses and increase their income. One of the microfinance institutions in Indonesia is the Bank Perkreditan Rakyat or generally called Rural Bank. This bank is designed as a solution for micro and small business actors in accessing financial capital when they are not able to serve by the regular banks include state-owned banks and private banks. This research is aimed at analyzing the role of Rural Bank in supporting poverty alleviation by channeling credit to the micro and small businesses in West Java Province. The data were collected from 50 Rural Banks and 100 microfinance institutions in 13 Regencies/Cities in West Java Province. The primary data were collected through questionnaire survey, interviews, and focused group discussion. Total number of survey respondents was 268 people. They were consisted of 66 employees of Rural Banks and 202 micro and small business actors. These respondents were chosen by using purposive sampling method. The tool of analysis used was included descriptive statistics and simple hypothesis test. It was found that the existing Rural Banks have not played optimum role in alleviating poverty. The growth of credit channeling provided by the Rural Banks in the period of 1995-2006 was not, in fact, followed by the reduction of total number of poor people. The progress of Rural Banks in West Java was lower than national level in the terms of saving and deposit, credit, and asset growth. Besides, the percentage of non-performing loan of Rural Banks in West Java was also higher than the national average. However, the credit channeled by Rural Banks has significantly increased the gross of income of micro and small businesses in West Java. Internally, the performance of Rural Banks in credit chanelling was influenced by human resource quality and capital adequacy. Meanwhile, externally, it was impacted by government regulations, macroeconomic condition, and social security factors.
Key words: microfinance institution, micro and small business, poverty alleviation, Rural Bank.
The Impacts of Corporate Culture on the Productivity of Services of Bank Rakyat Indonesia
Djokosantoso Moeljono
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
Central Java, Indonesia
Roberto Akyuwen
Finance Education and Training Center Yogyakarta
Ministry of Finance Republic Indonesia
Abstract
Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI) has been recognized worldwide for its performance in microfinance. Many researchers from various countries have used BRI as research object and reference. In December 2009, BRI has had 395 branch offices spread all over Indonesia with more than 35 million customers who is continue to grows about 20 percent annually. As one of the lead bank, BRI’s performance is heavily depending on its human resource productivity in providing high quality services to the customers. This study is aimed to examine the impact of corporate culture on the BRI’s productivity of services as an effort to improve the bank’s marketing. Four indicators which have been used to represent the corporate culture were integrity, professionalism, role model, and appreciation to human resource achievement. Meanwhile, the productivity of services was explained by working ethic, ability to meet costumer’s need, problem solving capability, customer satisfaction, qualification end empowerment capacity, and quality, service, and process improvement. Total amount of 935 BRI’s employees and 1,465 customers have been selected as survey respondents by using purposive cluster sampling method. These respondents were taken from the BRI Head Office, 24 Branch Offices, and 96 BRI Units. In addition, interviews, focus group discussions, observations, and comparative studies were also undertaken. It was found that the three indicators of BRI’s corporate culture i.e. integrity, professionalism, and appreciation to human resource achievement have had significant impacts on its productivity of services provided to the customers. These mean that the more effective of the implementation of corporate culture, the higher the productivity of services.
Keywords: corporate culture, integrity, professionalism, role model, appreciation on human resource achievement, productivity of services.
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